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We’ve got a storyline: from Eden, to the rise of the city of violence, to a chosen one rescued from divine judgment on the city. But then that one offers key intercession at the climactic moment. … Welcome to the storyline of the Hebrew Bible that’s just going to get worked over, over and over again. So that by the time we get to the book of Jonah, we can now not just re-tell it, but explore it and creatively invert everything. Imagine a story where your chosen one is actually worse than the people that he’s supposed to intercede for. And imagine a story where the people he’s supposed to intercede for don’t actually even repent for very long.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• To understand the story of Jonah the way the biblical authors did, we have to familiarize ourselves with the book’s literary hyperlinks––specific words chosen by the biblical authors to recall or connect to other portions of the TaNaK.
• The first time we meet Jonah in the Hebrew Bible isn’t in the book of Jonah. By the time the book of Jonah opens, God has already sent Jonah (at least once) to invite a wicked and undeserving king into God’s blessing.
• Part of the meaning of the book of Jonah is found not just in the ways Jonah mimics established biblical literary patterns, but also in the ways the book inverts them.

The audio for this episode is the third of a three-part sneak peek of our free graduate-level course on Jonah, which will soon come out of beta with an updated brand and website. For the remaining 42 sessions with Tim, as well as handouts and exercises to enrich your learning, check out the Classroom online courses launching in 2022.

The First Time We Meet Jonah

In part one (0:00-16:35), Tim connects the book of Jonah to the structure of the TaNaK described in the last episode.

In the Hebrew Bible, the 12 books known in the West as the Minor Prophets were all contained on one scroll. Although each of these prophetic accounts was written separately, they were compiled together and convey overarching, connected themes.

To understand the story of Jonah the way the biblical authors did, we have to familiarize ourselves with the book’s literary hyperlinks––specific words chosen by the biblical authors to recall or connect to other portions of the TaNaK.

For instance, the very first lines of Jonah contain hyperlinks to significant details elsewhere in the TaNaK, which provide us with important background information for the book of Jonah.

Jonah 1:1-2 (Tim’s translation)
The word of Yahweh came to Yonah the son of Amittai, saying, “Arise, go to Nineveh the great city and call out against it, for their wickedness has come up before me.”

First, the specific identification of Jonah as Amittai’s son clues us into this same Jonah’s appearance in 2 Kings 14:23-29. Yahweh saves Israel through the work of a wicked king, Jeroboam, son of Jehoash, under the prophetic guidance of Jonah. This is huge––the first time we meet Jonah in the Hebrew Bible isn’t in the book of Jonah. By the time the book of Jonah opens, God has already sent Jonah (at least once) to invite a wicked and undeserving king into God’s blessing.

The mention of Nineveh is a second hyperlink. Just one chapter after the mention of Jonah in 2 Kings, the Assyrians come against Israel and take back the conquests accomplished under Jeroboam (2 Kings 15:27-29). However, this occurs after Jonah’s ministry to Nineveh.

Nineveh is also called “the great city” in these opening verses, a phrase which only appears one other time in the Bible. By using this phrase, the narrator of Jonah is connecting us to Genesis 10:9-12 and to the cities and nations that emerged from Babel. In other words, Nineveh is connected to Babylon.

Interpreting Jonah by Noticing Biblical Hyperlinks

In part two (16:35-22:30), Tim addresses questions from the class.

• Why would Nineveh be called “the great city” if we’re meant to associate it with evil and wickedness and, ultimately, with Babylon?
• You said that, chronologically, the book of Jonah occurs somewhere between the events of 2 Kings 14 and 15. Where does the book of Nahum occur in that lineup?
• Has Obadiah always preceded Jonah? It seems like we should also be asking the question, “What’s the main message of Obadiah that Jonah is connected to?”
• By calling Nineveh “the great city,” are the biblical authors connecting it to other great cities that exhibit the same characteristics as Babylon?

The literary hyperlinks throughout the Hebrew Bible are even more important for the purposes of interpretation than the sequential ordering of the scrolls themselves.

An Inversion of a Well-Established Design Pattern

In part three (22:30-end), Tim maps out some of the most significant hyperlinks throughout the book of Jonah.

Before moving past the opening lines of Jonah, it’s important to note that the phrase “their wickedness has come up before me” (verse 2) hyperlinks us back to the opening chapters of Genesis.

Genesis 4:10
[The Lord] said, “What have you done? The voice of your brother’s blood is crying to me from the ground.”

After murdering his brother, Cain builds a city and establishes his life. The story of Cain and Abel sets in motion a motif replayed throughout the Hebrew Bible: Cain and his murderous descendants build cities on the blood of the innocent, which cries to the heavenly judge to vindicate it. The city built by Cain is further made a city of bloodshed by Lamech, a descendant of Cain even more violent than Cain himself. Nimrod, a violent man like Cain, builds Nineveh, another city of blood.

When God sees these cities of blood, he regrets (Hebrew: nacham) that he made humans (Genesis 6:6), judges the cities, and rescues a chosen one from his judgment. However, the chosen one intercedes for people under judgment, and God, moved by intercession, spares humanity and carries the redemption story forward.

Understanding this literary pattern is essential as we study Jonah––not just for the ways Jonah mimics this pattern, but also for the ways the book inverts it. In Jonah, the chosen one is actually worse than the people for whom he was chosen to intercede.

Referenced Resources

• Interested in more? Check out Tim’s library here.
• Jonah class session notes, including the handout “How to Read a Text Like the Hebrew Bible” (page 5)
• Jonah: A Literal-Literary Translation, Tim Mackie
• Classroom Application

Show Music

• “Defender (Instrumental)” by TENTS
• “Keep an Open Mind” by Olive Musique

Show produced by Cooper Peltz, Dan Gummel, and Zach McKinley. Show notes by Lindsey Ponder.

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